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Halicephalobus gingivalis : ウィキペディア英語版 | Halicephalobus gingivalis
''Halicephalobus gingivalis'' is a free-living nematode species that was identified and named in 1954 by Stefanski. It is a facultative parasite of horses and humans. Based on studies performed on infected horses in Florida, it can be inferred that the parasite is associated to swampland environments. They are dioecious as both female and male organs have been found separately. Eggs and immature larvae have been found in tissue sections, indicating an asexual reproductive cycle. Free-living males have been found in soil environments, indicating that sexual reproduction also occurs. The site of entry for the parasite is hypothesized to be through breaks in skin or through mucous membranes. They are distributed worldwide as cases of equine infections have been found in Canada, Florida, the Nordic regions, and Arabian horses alike. ==Morphology== The genital tract in the advanced fourth stage of ''H. gingivalis'' is didelphic and amphidelphic and terminal ends of the horns are reflected, the anterior one ventrally, the posterior one dorsally.〔 Adults (panagrolaimids) are 235–460 μm long. In the parthenogenic adult, the posterior branch forms a short ovary, whereas most of the anterior branch becomes a combined uterus–oviduct. A conical, asymmetrical tail that is shorter on the ventral side.
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